EPIDEMIOLOGICAL FEATURES AND APPLICATION OF TYPHOID VACCINE

Abstract

Typhoid fever is still widespread and dangerous in low- and middle-income countries. Antibiotics are commonly used for treatment, but endemic countries have experienced problems with drug-resistant strains, making treatment time-consuming and expensive. Salmonella enterica, the causative agent of typhoid fever (S. typhi), remains a problem in many low- and middle-income countries. In industrialized countries, improved sanitation and food hygiene has been an effective means of fighting diseases. However, in most of the affected regions, this progress has been limited by slow socio-economic progress. As a result, vaccination is an effective means of preventing the disease in both the short and medium term. The oral typhoid vaccine and the Vi polysaccharide typhoid vaccine have been available for a long time, but most of the population, especially infants and children under the age of two, are still at risk. Efforts to prevent typhoid fever have recently increased thanks to conjugated vaccines based on Vi polysaccharides and funding to support vaccination by the Gavi Alliance. The supply of the vaccine will be crucial, and numerous efforts are being made to provide new typhoid vaccines to populations in dire need. This review provides an overview of licensed typhoid vaccines, as well as potential vaccines that are currently under development, as well as prospects for their implementation.