Evolution of the Development of Typhoid Vaccines in Medical Practice

Abstract

The article examines the epidemiology of typhoid fever worldwide, as well as in the Russian Federation and in our region, especially in Central Asia. From the moment of receipt of the killed typhoid vaccine to the stage of production of conjugated vaccines, the world experience in the development of vaccine preparations is shown. Typhoid fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the causative agent Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype Typhi (S. Typhi). It is still one of the main causes of morbidity in the economically medium and underdeveloped countries of Asia and Africa. As a result of rapidly developing international tourism, as well as natural disasters, an outbreak of typhoid fever can occur in industrialized countries. Global healthcare is in urgent need of typhoid vaccine prophylaxis due to the growing resistance of S. typhi to antimicrobial drugs, high epidemiological burden, lack of sanitary and hygienic conditions in some regions and the introduction of new protocols for the treatment of the disease. The purpose of the work is to outline the main points in the history of the development of a vaccine against typhoid fever, systematize information about licensed vaccines and discuss possible ways to create new vaccines. Data on vaccines available on the global pharmaceutical market are presented. The main trends in the development of vaccines against S. typhi are outlined. There is a need to improve the effectiveness of existing vaccines and develop new combination vaccines against typhoid fever. Improving the effectiveness of previously developed vaccines and the development of new combined vaccines against typhoid fever remain the main directions of modern vaccinology due to the high epidemiological significance of the disease.